Subtypes of asymmetric standard negation (Komi-Permyak)
AsymFinCop
AsymFinCop: Affirmative sentences use finite verbs, while negative sentences use nonfinite verbs, with the grammatical categories of the verb partially or wholly expressed by the copula or the verb of negation.
| (1) | saša | mun-ö | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | go‑prs.3sg | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha goes to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | |
| (2) | saša | oz | mun | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | neg.prs.3sg | go.cng | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha does not go to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | | |
| (3) | mi | mun-am(ö) | vör-ö. |
|---|
| we | go‑prs.1pl | forest‑ill |
| ’We are going to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | |
| (4) | mi | og(ö) | mun-ö | vör-ö. |
|---|
| we | neg.prs.1pl | go.cng‑pl | forest‑ill |
| ’We are not going to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | | |
| (5) | saša | mun-i-s | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | go‑pst‑3sg | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha went to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | |
| (6) | saša | ez | mun | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | neg.pst.3sg | go.cng | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha did not go to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | | |
| (7) | saša | mun-a-s | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | go‑fut‑3sg | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha will go to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | |
| (8) | saša | oz | mun | vör-ö. |
|---|
| Sasha | neg.fut.3sg | go.cng | forest‑ill |
| ’Sasha will not go to the forest.’ (L. P.) | | | |
In Komi-Permyak, standard negation is usually asymmetric and is expressed using a negative verb in every person and number (1)–(8). The negative verb is marked for person and the lexical verb appears in a so-called connegative form. The negative verb has present (2),(4), witnessed past (6) and (simple) future (8) forms (Bartens 2000, Ponomareva 2002: 127–140, 2010: 265–267). In a negative sentence the connegative verb may end in a consonant or -y in singular number, while plural forms uniformly end in -ö. Negative verbs in present (2) and simple future tense (4) have the same form. In the non-witnessed past tense negative verb forms are the same as affirmative ones, with negation being symmetric (Bartens 2000: 187).
Author: Nikolett F. Gulyás
[🠐 back]
