Locus in the verb phrase (Udmurt)

VMkA & DepMkO & NoVOMk

VMkA: The agent is not marked as such, but it is marked on the verb. (Agreement is shown only with the unmarked agent.)

DepMkO: The patient is marked as such; it is not marked on the verb.

NoVOMk: The patient is not marked either as such, or on the verb.

(1)piosmurtkyšno-zeʒ́ygyrty-nymed-eval.
manwifeACC.3SGhugINFintend3SGAUX.PST
’The man wanted to hug his wife.’ (UdmCorp.)

(2)monton-eʒ́ygyrt-iśk-o.
IyouACChugPRS1SG
’I hug you.’ (Y. S.)

(3)tonmon-eʒ́ygyrt-iśk-od.
youIACChugPRS2SG
’You hug me.’ (Y. S.)

(4) monkin-ekeʒ́ygyrt-iśk-o.
IwhoACCPCLhugPRS1SG
’I hug someone.’ (Y. S.)

(5)soosmon-eʒ́ygyrt-o.
theyIACChug3PL
’They hug me.’ (Y. S.)

(6)monkńigalyʒ́ʒ́-iśk-o.
IbookreadPRS1SG
’I read a book.’ (Keľmakov & Hännikäinen 2008: 31)

(7)montakńiga-jezlyʒ́ʒ́-iśk-o.
IDEMbookACCreadPRS1SG
’I read this book.’ (Keľmakov & Hännikäinen 2008: 32)

In Udmurt, the person of the patient is not marked on a transitive verb, but the person and number of the agent is (1)–(5). The agent of an active sentence is unmarked, whereas the patient is either marked or unmarked depending on its specificity or definiteness: definite/specific objects have accusative case (cf. Csúcs 2003, Keľmakov & Hännikäinen 2008: 144–148, É. Kiss & Tánczos 2018), indefinite/non-specific objects are unmarked (cf. Csúcs 2003, Keľmakov & Hännikäinen 2008: 31–32, 147–148, É. Kiss & Tánczos 2018) (6)–(7).

Author: Laura Horváth


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