Typological Database of the Volga-Kama Finno-Ugric Languages

Morphology

1. Inflectional fusion in the nominal paradigm
2. Case exponence
3. Case syncretism of nouns
4. Person marking on case affixes
5. Order of case and possessive affixation
6. Reduplication
7. Case syncretism of adjectives
8. Case syncretism of personal pronouns
9. Case syncretism of articles
10. Syncretism in the verbal paradigm
11. Locus in the verb phrase
12. Case endings on verbs
13. Case endings on nonfinites

Nominal categories

14. Grammatical number
15. Occurrence of nominal plurality
16. Number marking on nouns
17. Associative plural
18. Plurality marking in personal pronouns
19. Marking of intermediate grammatical number on personal pronouns
20. Nominal gender system
21. Number of grammatical genders
22. Grammatical gender and personal pronouns
23. Case marking on nouns
24. Number of nominal cases
25. Comitative and instrumental cases
26. Case marking on adjectives
27. Case agreement on noun adjuncts
28. Case marking on personal pronouns
29. Case marking on demonstratives
30. Case-marking asymmetry
31. Number of pronominal cases
32. Number of cases of demonstrative pronouns
33. Case inflection on numerals
34. Case marking on articles
35. Number of article cases
36. Marking possession on nouns
37. Formation of ordinal numerals
38. Distributive numerals
39. Sortal numeral classifiers
40. Person marking on nominal adpositions
41. Person marking on adpositions in personal pronominal function
42. Person marking on non-personal pronominal adpositions
43. Inclusive pronouns
44. Politeness distinction in pronouns
45. Indefinite pronouns
46. Use of indefinite negative pronouns
47. Reflexive pronouns and intensifiers
48. Distance marking
49. Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives
50. Etymology of demonstrative and personal pronouns
51. Status of indefinite articles
52. Status of definite articles
53. Occurrence of articles and demonstratives

Nominal syntax

54. Possessive classification
55. Obligatory possessive marking on nouns
56. Possessive nouns
57. Semantic distribution of personal possessive affixes
58. Syntactic distribution of person marking within possessed nouns alongside nominal possessors
59. Syntactic distribution of person marking within possessed nouns alongside pronominal possessor
60. Marking possession by pronouns
61. Possessive marking in habitive constructions
62. Marking of genitive, adjectival, and relative-clause functions
63. Adjectives without nouns
64. Adjectives as nouns
65. Adjectives as verbs
66. Adnominal adjective agreement
67. Action nominal constructions
68. Marking of nominal conjunction and comitative
69. Syntactic relations within the adpositional phrase
70. Personal pronouns as subjects
71. Personal pronouns as complements
72. Demonstrative and personal pronouns in subject position
73. Demonstrative and personal pronouns in non-subject (oblique) position
74. Nominal and verbal conjunctions

Verbal categories

Simple clauses

101. Lexical copula types
102. Use of copula with nominal predicate
103. Use of copula with adjectival predicate
104. Use of copula with adverbial predicate
105. Predicative adjectives
106. Agreement of predicative adjectives
107. Predicative comparative constructions
108. Nominal and locational predication in base form
109. Intransitive verbs with null arguments
110. Marking of the subject
111. Marking of the direct object
112. Agent marking on the verb
113. Patient marking on the verb
114. Agent and patient marking
115. Person marking of the patient on the verb
116. Marking of the indirect object
117. Person marking of the recipient on the verb
118. Marking of function S on nouns
119. Marking of function S on pronouns
120. Marking of function A on nouns
121. Marking of function A on pronouns
122. Marking of function P on nouns
123. Marking of function P on pronouns
124. Marking of function R on nouns
125. Marking of function R on pronouns
126. Morphosyntactic alignment of nouns
127. Morphosyntactic alignment of pronouns (S, A)
128. Morphosyntactic alignment of pronouns (P)
129. Case marking alignment of ditransitive nominal constructions
130. Case marking alignment of ditransitive pronominal constructions
131. Marking of the object in ditransitive pronominal constructions (T)
132. Marking of the recipient in ditransitive pronominal constructions (R)
133. Applicative constructions
134. Morphological causatives
135. Periphrastic causatives
136. Non-periphrastic causatives
137. Coding of the causee in intransitive constructions
138. Coding of the causee in transitive constructions
139. Coding of the causee in ditransitive constructions
140. Verbal morphology of the passive
141. Passive constructions with intransitive verbs
142. Antipassive constructions
143. Habitive constructions
144. Sentence structure of possessor predication
145. Reciprocal constructions
146. Standard negation
147. Subtypes of asymmetric standard negation
148. Morphological negation
149. Marking of polar questions

Complex sentences

150. Types of relative clauses
151. Types of relativizers
152. Subject-headed relative clauses
153. Object-headed relative clauses
154. Oblique-headed relative clauses
155. Reported clause markers
156. Verb form of reported clause
157. Tense agreement
158. Volitive constructions
159. Marking of dependent polar questions
160. Marking of dependent content questions
161. Structure of adverbial subordination
162. Marking of purpose constructions
163. Verb form in purpose constructions
164. When-clause markers
165. Verb form in when-clauses
166. Marking of causal relationships
167. Verb form in reason clauses

Word order

168. Word order of plural markers
169. Word order of negative morphemes
170. Basic word order (S, V)
171. Basic word order (S, V, O)
172. Basic subordinate word order (S, V, O)
173. Dominant word order (S, V)
174. Dominant word order (S, V, O)
175. Exclusive word order (V, U)
176. Basic ditransitive word order
177. Word order of question morphemes
178. Word order of numeral and noun
179. Word order of numeral constructions
180. Word order of ordinal numerals
181. Word order of quantifiers
182. Word order of classifiers
183. Word order of demonstratives
184. Word order of relative clauses
185. Word order within possessive constructions
186. Word order of possessive pronouns
187. Basic word order of adpositions
188. Word order of indefinite articles
189. Word order of definite articles
190. Word order of independent personal pronouns
191. Word order of adjectives and degree words
192. Word order in copular constructions
193. Order of comparative attributive constructions
194. Word order of attributive constructions
195. Word order of predicative comparative constructions
196. Basic word order of adverbs of manner
197. Basic word order of nominal adverbials
198. Dominant word order of nominal adverbials
199. Word order of non-modal auxiliaries
200. Word order of adverbial subordinators within finite clauses
201. Word order of adverbial subordinators within embedded clauses
202. Word order of purposive constructions
203. Word order of complementizers in subject or direct object clauses
204. Word order of interrogative phrases
205. Word order of content questions
206. Word order of dependent polar questions
207. Word order of dependent content questions

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	Typological Database of the Volga Area Finno-Ugric Languages (VolgaTyp)
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