| Parameters |
Udmurt |
Komi-Permyak |
Meadow Mari |
| Inflectional fusion in the nominal paradigm |
ConcLin |
ConcLin |
ConcLin |
| Case exponence |
ExpMono & ExpPoss |
ExpMono & ExpPoss |
ExpMono |
| Case syncretism of nouns |
SyncNonCoreCase |
SyncCoreCase |
NoSyncCase |
| Person marking on case affixes |
NoCxPM |
NoCxPM |
NoCxPM |
| Order of case and possessive affixation |
WCxPx & WPxCx |
WPxCx & WCxPx |
WPxCx & WCxPx |
| Reduplication |
TtlRdp |
TtlRdp & PrtRdpCpl |
TtlRdp |
| Case syncretism of adjectives |
NoAdjCase & AdjSyncCase |
NoAdjCase |
NoAdjCase |
| Case syncretism of personal pronouns |
PPNoSyncCase |
PP=NCase |
PPNoSyncCase |
| Case syncretism of articles |
NoArt |
NoArtCase |
NoArt |
| Syncretism in the verbal paradigm |
SyncSP |
SyncSP |
NoSyncSP |
| Locus in the verb phrase |
VMkA & DepMkO & NoVOMk |
VMkA & DepMkO & NoVOMk |
VMkA & DepMkO |
| Case endings on verbs |
NoVCase |
NoVCase |
NoVCase |
| Case endings on nonfinites |
VInf=NomCase & VInfCase |
VInf=NomCase & VInfCase |
VInf=NomCase & VInfCase |
| Grammatical number |
Pl |
Pl |
Pl |
| Occurrence of nominal plurality |
OblPlMK |
OblPlmk |
OblPlmk |
| Number marking on nouns |
NumSuffAn |
NumSuffAn |
NumSuffAn |
| Associative plural |
Aff1PlAsc |
Aff1PlAsc |
SpAffPlAsc |
| Plurality marking in personal pronouns |
SyntPP |
SyntPP |
SyntPP |
| Marking of intermediate grammatical number on personal pronouns |
NoPPMedNum |
NoPPMedNum |
NoPPMedNum |
| Nominal gender system |
NoGns |
NoGns |
NoGns |
| Number of grammatical genders |
NoGns |
NoGns |
NoGns |
| Grammatical gender and personal pronouns |
NoGns |
NoGns |
NoGns |
| Case marking on nouns |
CaseNAff |
CaseNAff |
CaseNAff |
| Number of nominal cases |
15NCases |
17NCases |
12NCases |
| Comitative and instrumental cases |
Com=Instr |
ComNotInstr |
MixComInstr |
| Case marking on adjectives |
NoAdjCase & CaseAdjAff |
NoAdjCase |
NoAdjCase |
| Case agreement on noun adjuncts |
NoNNCaseAgr & NNCaseAgr |
NoNNCaseAgr & NNCaseAgr |
NoNXCaseAgr |
| Case marking on personal pronouns |
PPAff |
PPAff |
PPAff |
| Case marking on demonstratives |
DemAff |
DemAff |
NoDemCase |
| Case-marking asymmetry |
CasesystDegr |
CasesystSym |
CasesystDegr |
| Number of pronominal cases |
9PronCases |
17PronCases |
4PronCases |
| Number of cases of demonstrative pronouns |
9DempronCases |
17DempronCases |
9DempronCases |
| Case inflection on numerals |
AdNumNoCase & AdNum=NCase & PronNum=NCase |
AdNumNoCase + PronNum=NCase |
AdNumNoCase & PronNum=NCase |
| Case marking on articles |
NoArt |
Art=Aff |
NoArt |
| Number of article cases |
NoArt |
NoArtCase |
NoArt |
| Marking possession on nouns |
PossSuffGenSuff |
GenSuff (PossSuff) |
PossSuffGenSuff & GenSuff |
| Formation of ordinal numerals |
Oth~FthThth |
FTthThth & FSThth |
OthTthThth |
| Distributive numerals |
NoDN |
Suf(DN)(V) |
NoDN / Dupl(DN)(N) |
| Sortal numeral classifiers |
OptClsfrNonspec |
NoClsfr |
OptClsfrNonspec |
| Person marking on nominal adpositions |
AdpNNonPM / AdpN(PM) |
AdpNNonPM / AdpN(PM) |
AdpNNonPM & AdpN(PM) |
| Person marking on adpositions in personal pronominal function |
AdpPP(PM) & AdpPPnonPM |
AdpPP(PM) & AdpPPnonPM |
AdpPP(PM) & AdpPPNonPM |
| Person marking on non-personal pronominal adpositions |
AdpPNonPM & AdpPPM |
AdpPNonPM / AdpPPM |
AdpPNonPM / AdpP(PM) |
| Inclusive pronouns |
Pl1InclNotExcl |
Pl1=Pl1 |
Pl1=Pl1 & (Pl1=Sg1) |
| Politeness distinction in pronouns |
TwoPolit |
TwoPolit |
TwoPolit |
| Indefinite pronouns |
IP~Q |
IP~Q |
IP~Q |
| Use of indefinite negative pronouns |
DbleNeg / SmplNeg |
DbleNeg / SmplNeg |
DbleNeg |
| Reflexive pronouns and intensifiers |
Refl=Intens |
Refl=Intens |
Refl=Intens |
| Distance marking |
2DC |
2DC |
2DC |
| Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives |
AdnDem=DeclPronDem |
AdnDem=DeclPronDem |
AdnDem=DeclPronDem |
| Etymology of demonstrative and personal pronouns |
PP=Dem + Dem~PPDist |
PP=Dem |
PP=Dem |
| Status of indefinite articles |
NoArt |
NoIndefArt |
NoArt |
| Status of definite articles |
NoDefArt |
DefArt=Aff |
NoArt |
| Occurrence of articles and demonstratives |
NoArt |
ArtWithDem |
NoArt |
| Possessive classification |
PossClass |
NoPossClass |
NoPossClass |
| Obligatory possessive marking on nouns |
NoOblPxN |
NoOblPxN |
NoOblPxN |
| Possessive nouns |
NoNonpossN |
NoNonpossN |
NoNonpossN |
| Semantic distribution of personal possessive affixes |
PossAff(NonPossAff) |
PossAff~NonAff |
PossAff~NonAff |
| Syntactic distribution of person marking within possessed nouns alongside nominal possessors |
GenPossAff~NonAff |
GenPossAff~NonAff |
GenPossAff~NonAff |
| Syntactic distribution of person marking within possessed nouns alongside pronominal possessor |
PPGenOblPoss(Aff) & PPGenPoss(Aff) |
PPGenOblPoss(Aff) & PP(Gen)OblPossAff |
PPGenOblPoss(Aff) |
| Marking possession by pronouns |
PossSuff & PrsPOblPossSuff |
PossSuff & PrsPObl & PrsPOblPossSuff |
PossSuff & PrsPObl & PrsPOblPossSuff |
| Possessive marking in habitive constructions |
NoAff & PossSuffPx |
NoAff & PossSuffPx |
PossSuffPx & PossSuff |
| Marking of genitive, adjectival, and relative-clause functions |
AttrDiff |
AttrDiff |
AttrDiff |
| Adjectives without nouns |
AdjNoNSuff / AdjNoN=Adj |
AdjNoNSuff / AdjNoN=Adj |
AdjNoN=Adj |
| Adjectives as nouns |
AdjNotNMorph & Adj=Nmorph |
AdjNotNMorph |
AdjNotNMorph |
| Adjectives as verbs |
AdjNotVMorph |
AdjNotVMorph |
AdjNotVMorph |
| Adnominal adjective agreement |
NoAgr & AdjNumAgr & AdjNumAdjCaseAgr |
NoAdjAgr / AdjNumAgr |
NoAdjAgr |
| Action nominal constructions |
SAPossPVtype |
SAPossPVtype & Else |
SAPossPVtype |
| Marking of nominal conjunction and comitative |
JuxtaN&DM & ConnN&DM & MorfRepet&DM & Monomorf&DM |
JuxtaN&DM & ConnN&DM |
JuxtaN&DM & ConnN&DM & Monomorf&DM |
| Syntactic relations within the adpositional phrase |
Adp=NNonGov & Adp=NGov |
Adp=NNonGov / Adp=NGov |
Adp=NNonGov & Adp=NGov |
| Personal pronouns as subjects |
PPDrop |
PPDrop |
PPDrop |
| Personal pronouns as complements |
PPNotAgr |
PPNotAgr |
PPNotAgr |
| Demonstrative and personal pronouns in subject position |
PP=Dem |
PP=Dem |
PP=Dem |
| Demonstrative and personal pronouns in non-subject (oblique) position |
PP=Dem |
PP=Dem |
PP=Dem |
| Nominal and verbal conjunctions |
Juxta & NomConj=Vconj & NomConjNotVConj |
Juxta & NomConj=VConj & NomConjNotVConj |
Juxta & NomConj=VConj & NomConjNotVConj |
| Number of verbal inflectional categories |
ConjCat=7 |
ConjCat=7 |
ConjCat=7 |
| Person marking on verbs |
APM |
APM |
APM |
| Order of person markers on the verb |
NoP |
NoP |
NoP |
| Order of verbal affixes |
(A)–T/M–Subj & (A)–T/M~Subj |
M/T~Subj & M/T–Subj |
(GV)–(T/M)–Subj & (GV)–(T~Subj)/(M~Subj) & (GV)–(T~A)–Subj |
| Syntheticism of verbal inflection |
CpW=6 |
CpW=5 |
CpW=6 |
| Inclusivity in verbal inflection |
Pl1=Pl1 |
Pl1=Pl1 |
Pl1=Pl1 |
| Verbal suppletion |
VsupplT & VsupplElse |
VSupplT & VSupplElse |
VSupplT & VSupplElse |
| Tense marking |
SuffT & PerifT |
SuffT / PerifT & SyntT |
SuffT & PerifT |
| Aspect marking |
PerifA & SyntA |
SyntA & SuffA |
PerifA & SyntA |
| Past tenses |
Pst |
Pst |
Pst |
| Perfect |
NoPfm |
NoPfm |
Pfm |
| Evidentiality |
Evid |
Evid |
Evid |
| Coding of evidentials |
EvidParad & EvidPart |
EvidParad & EvidPart |
EvidParad |
| Future tense |
FutOptInfl |
FutOblInfl & FutOblPfr |
NoFut / FutOptPfr |
| Distinctions within the future tense |
1Fut |
2Fut |
NoFut / 1Fut |
| Morphology of the imperative |
ImpSpecSgSpecPl |
ImpSpecSgSpecPl |
ImpSpecSgSpecPl |
| Second-person prohibition |
Proh=ImpNegSpec |
Proh=ImpNegSpec / Proh=ImpNegNonspec |
ProhNonImpNegSpec |
| Optative mood |
NoOptInfl |
NoOptInfl |
NoOptInfl |
| Situational necessity |
SitNecAff & SitNecV |
SitNecV |
SitNecAff & SitNecV |
| Situational possibility |
SitPsblV |
SitPsblV |
SitPsblV |
| Implicit strategies of expressing epistemic modality |
EpsV & EpsElse |
EpsV & EpsElse |
EpsMod & EpsElse / EpsV |
| Overlapping interpretations of modalities (necessity) |
SitNecPartEp |
No data |
SitNecPartEp & SitNec~Ep |
| Overlapping interpretations of modalities (possibility) |
SitPsblNonEp |
No data |
SitPsblNonEp |
| Strategies and word order of modal necessity |
VNec & NecV & SuffNec |
NecV / VNec |
VNec & SuffNec |
| Strategies and word order of modal possibility |
PsblV & VPsbl |
PsblV & VPsbl |
VPsbl & (SuffPsbl) |
| Categorical status of auxiliaries |
AuxVInfl & AuxNotVInfl |
AuxVInfl & AuxNotVInfl |
AuxVInfl & AuxNotVInfl |
| Lexical copula types |
CopNoInflVInfl & CopInfl=VInfl |
CopInfl=VInfl / CopNoInflVInfl |
CopInfl=VInfl |
| Use of copula with nominal predicate |
NCopDep |
NCopDep |
NCopDep |
| Use of copula with adjectival predicate |
AdjCopDep |
AdjCopDep |
AdjCopDep |
| Use of copula with adverbial predicate |
AdvCopDep |
AdvCopDep |
AdvCopDep |
| Predicative adjectives |
AdjPredNonV |
AdjPredNonV |
AdjPredNonV |
| Agreement of predicative adjectives |
PredAdjNumAgr & NoPredAdjAgr |
PredAdjNumAgr |
NoAdjAgr |
| Predicative comparative constructions |
Abl & Else & + NoCompMk & + CompMkAff |
Else + CompMkAff & PartComp + CompMkAff / Abl + CompMkAff |
Abl + CompMkAff & Abl + NoCompMk |
| Nominal and locational predication in base form |
ShareNomLoc + Cmnt |
ShareNomLoc + Cmnt |
ShareNomLoc |
| Intransitive verbs with null arguments |
ZeroIntr |
ZeroIntr |
ZeroIntr |
| Marking of the subject |
NPPnonobl + Agr |
NPPnonobl + Agr |
NPPnonobl + Agr |
| Marking of the direct object |
PNPonly |
PNPonly |
PNPonly |
| Agent marking on the verb |
PM |
PM |
PM |
| Patient marking on the verb |
NoPatM |
NoPatM |
NoPatM |
| Agent and patient marking |
APmk=Case |
APmk=Case |
APmk=Case |
| Person marking of the patient on the verb |
NoPatPM |
NoPatPM |
NoPatPM |
| Marking of the indirect object |
NPPnonobl + Aux |
NPPonly |
NPPnonobl + Aux |
| Person marking of the recipient on the verb |
NoRecM |
NoRecM |
NoRecM |
| Marking of function S on nouns |
Neutr & NoSMark |
Neutr & NoSMark |
NoSMark |
| Marking of function S on pronouns |
NoSMark & Neutr |
NoSMark |
NoSMark |
| Marking of function A on nouns |
NoAMark & Neutr |
Neutr & NoAMark |
NoAMark |
| Marking of function A on pronouns |
Neutr & NoAMark |
Neutr & NoAMark |
NoAMark |
| Marking of function P on nouns |
Neutr & PAff |
Neutr & PAff |
PAff |
| Marking of function P on pronouns |
PAff |
PAff |
PAff |
| Marking of function R on nouns |
RAff |
RAff |
RAff |
| Marking of function R on pronouns |
RAff |
RAff |
RAff |
| Morphosyntactic alignment of nouns |
Nom |
Nom |
Nom |
| Morphosyntactic alignment of pronouns (S, A) |
Nom |
Nom |
Nom |
| Morphosyntactic alignment of pronouns (P) |
Nom |
Nom |
Nom |
| Case marking alignment of ditransitive nominal constructions |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
| Case marking alignment of ditransitive pronominal constructions |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
| Marking of the object in ditransitive pronominal constructions (T) |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
| Marking of the recipient in ditransitive pronominal constructions (R) |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
PT–R + NoVAgr |
| Applicative constructions |
NoAppl |
NoAppl |
NoAppl |
| Morphological causatives |
SuffCC |
SuffCC |
SuffCC |
| Periphrastic causatives |
IntPfrCC |
IntPfrCC |
RarePfrCC & IntPfrCC |
| Non-periphrastic causatives |
MorfNonpfrCC |
MorfNonpfrCC |
MorfNonpfrCC |
| Coding of the causee in intransitive constructions |
IntrCeeAccP |
IntrCeeAccP |
IntrCeeAccP |
| Coding of the causee in transitive constructions |
TrCeeP |
TrCeeP |
TrCeeObl |
| Coding of the causee in ditransitive constructions |
DitrCeeP |
DitrCeeP |
DitrCeeP |
| Verbal morphology of the passive |
PassSynt & PassAn |
PassSynt & PassAn |
PassSynt |
| Passive constructions with intransitive verbs |
IntrpassAkt & NoAgIntrpassSub & NoAgIntrpassNonSub & IntrpassPass |
NoAgIntrpassNonSub |
NoIntrPass |
| Antipassive constructions |
AntipassAgrA + AntipassImpl / AntipassAgrA + AntipassObq |
AntipassImpl + AntipassAgrA |
NoAntipass |
| Habitive constructions |
PredPossGen + SpecPssd |
PredPossGen (+ SpecPssd) |
PredPossGen + SpecPssd |
| Sentence structure of possessor predication |
PsrPrdKopPossHab + NonPx |
PsrPrdKopPossHab + Px |
PsrPrdKopPossHab + NonPx |
| Reciprocal constructions |
RcprNonRefl |
RcprNonRefl |
RcprNonRefl |
| Standard negation |
Asym & Sym |
Asym / Sym |
Asym |
| Subtypes of asymmetric standard negation |
AsymFinCop & AsymCatNonPdg |
AsymFinCop |
AsymFinCop |
| Morphological negation |
NegAux & NegPtclStc & NegAffV |
NegAux / NegPtclStc |
NegAux & NegPtclStc |
| Marking of polar questions |
Q & PhonInt |
Q & PhonInt |
Q & PhonInt |
| Types of relative clauses |
ExtRel & AdjnRel |
ExtRel & IntRel |
ExtRel & IntRel |
| Types of relativizers |
InitRzerPro & RzerSuff (& RzerPro) |
InitRzerPro & RzerSuff |
InitRzerPro & RzerSuff |
| Subject-headed relative clauses |
RelPro & CorrelPro & RcnonS |
RelPro & CorrelPro & RCnonS |
RelPro & CorrelPro & RCnonS |
| Object-headed relative clauses |
RelPro & CorrelPro & RcnonO |
RelPro & CorrelPro & RCnonO |
RelPro & RcnonO |
| Oblique-headed relative clauses |
RelPro & RCnonObl |
RelPro / CorrelPro |
RelPro & RCnonObl & RCObl |
| Reported clause markers |
NoRepdMark & RepdWV1 |
NoRepDMark & RepdWV2 |
NoRepDMark & RepdWV2 |
| Verb form of reported clause |
RepdVBlcd & RepdVDrkd |
RepdVBlcd & RepdVDrkd |
RepdVBlcd & RepdVDrkd |
| Tense agreement |
NoDepTense |
NoDepTense |
NoDepTense |
| Volitive constructions |
VolV & VtmNonF & VtumExpl & VtumImpl & VolAff & VtmV |
VolV + VtmNonF + VtumImpl & VolPcl + VtmV + VtumExpl & VolPcl + VtmNonF + VtumImpl |
VolAff + VtmV + VtumExpl & VolV + VtmNonF + VtumExpl & VolV + VtmNonF + VtumImpl |
| Marking of dependent polar questions |
(InitCpl) + Q & (FinalCpl) + Q & Else |
(InitCpl) & Q & Else |
(InitCpl) & FinalCpl & Q & Else |
| Marking of dependent content questions |
FinalCpl & InitCpl |
Cq & (InitCpl) |
Cq & (FinalCpl) |
| Structure of adverbial subordination |
SubMain & MainSub |
SubMain & MainSub |
SubMain & MainSub |
| Marking of purpose constructions |
PurpV (+ PurpWV2) (+ PurpWV1) |
PurpV (+ PurpWV1) (+ PurpWV2) |
PurpV (+ PurpWV1) (+ PurpWV2) |
| Verb form in purpose constructions |
PurpVDrkDiffSbj / PurpVDrk |
PurpVDrkDiffSbj |
PurpVDrkDiffSbj |
| When-clause markers |
NoWhenMark & WhenV & WhenWV2 (+ WhenWV1) |
NoWhenMark & WhenV & WhenWV2 (+ WhenWV1) |
NoWhenMark / WhenWV1 / WhenAff |
| Verb form in when-clauses |
WhenVDrkDiffT & WhenVBalDiffT |
WhenVBal & WhenVBalDiffT |
WhenVDrkDiffT & WhenVBalDiffT |
| Marking of causal relationships |
CauseV (+ CauseWV2) & CauseWV2 |
CauseV & CauseWV2 (+ CauseWV1) |
CauseWV2 (+ CauseV) |
| Verb form in reason clauses |
CauseVBal & CauseVDrk |
CauseVBal & CauseVDrk + DrkSameSbj |
CauseVBal & CauseVDrk |
| Word order of plural markers |
NPl |
NPI |
NPl |
| Word order of negative morphemes |
NegV & VNeg |
NegV |
NegV / VNeg |
| Basic word order (S, V) |
SV |
SV |
SV |
| Basic word order (S, V, O) |
SOV & SVO |
SVO |
SOV |
| Basic subordinate word order (S, V, O) |
SVO & SOV |
SVO |
SOV |
| Dominant word order (S, V) |
SV |
SV |
SV |
| Dominant word order (S, V, O) |
SOV |
SVO |
SOV |
| Exclusive word order (V, U) |
UV |
UV |
UV |
| Basic ditransitive word order |
RT + rT + tR + tr |
RT + rT + tR + tr |
RT |
| Word order of question morphemes |
FocQ |
FocQ |
FocQ |
| Word order of numeral and noun |
NumN |
NumN |
NumN |
| Word order of numeral constructions |
NumClsfr |
NoClsfr |
NumClsfr |
| Word order of ordinal numerals |
OrdN |
OrdN |
OrdN |
| Word order of quantifiers |
QuantN |
QuantN |
QuantN |
| Word order of classifiers |
ClsfrN & NClfsr |
NoClsfr |
ClsfrN |
| Word order of demonstratives |
DemN |
DemN |
DemN |
| Word order of relative clauses |
NRel & RelN |
RelN & NRel |
NRel & RelN |
| Word order within possessive constructions |
GenPoss |
GenPoss |
GenPoss |
| Word order of possessive pronouns |
NoPoss(NB) |
NoPoss(NB) |
NoPoss(NB) |
| Basic word order of adpositions |
Po |
Po |
Po |
| Word order of indefinite articles |
NoIndefArt |
NoIndefArt |
NoIndefArt |
| Word order of definite articles |
NoDefArt |
NDef |
NoDefArt |
| Word order of independent personal pronouns |
PPV |
PPV |
PPV |
| Word order of adjectives and degree words |
DegAdj |
DegAdj |
DegAdj |
| Word order in copular constructions |
CopPred & PredCop |
CopPred & PredCop |
PredCop |
| Order of comparative attributive constructions |
StAdj & StAdjM |
StAdjM / AdjMSt |
StAdj & StAdjM |
| Word order of attributive constructions |
AdjN |
AdjN |
AdjN |
| Word order of predicative comparative constructions |
StAdj & StAdjM / AdjMSt |
AdjMSt & StAdjM |
StAdjM & StAdj |
| Basic word order of adverbs of manner |
OmnrV & MnrVO |
MnrVO & VMnrO |
OMnrV |
| Basic word order of nominal adverbials |
XOV & XVO & VXO & VOX |
VO~X |
XOV |
| Dominant word order of nominal adverbials |
NoXDWO |
NoXDWO |
NoXDWO |
| Word order of non-modal auxiliaries |
VAux & AuxV |
AuxV |
VAux & AuxV |
| Word order of adverbial subordinators within finite clauses |
InitAdvSb & FinalAdvSb / InternAdvSb (+ InitAdvSb) (+ FinalAdvSb) & FinalAdvSb + InitAdvSb |
InitAdvSb / FinalAdvSb / InternAdvSb |
InitAdvSb / FinalAdvSb / InternAdvSb |
| Word order of adverbial subordinators within embedded clauses |
SuffAdvSb & FinalAdvSb |
SuffAdvSb & FinalAdvSb |
SuffAdvSb & FinalAdvSb / FinalAdvSb + SuffAdvSb |
| Word order of purposive constructions |
PCV & VPC |
PCV & VPC |
PCV |
| Word order of complementizers in subject or direct object clauses |
CmpzSC & SCCmpz & SC~Cmpz |
CmpzSC |
CmpzSC & SCCmpz & SC~Cmpz |
| Word order of interrogative phrases |
InitIP |
InitIP / InS |
InS |
| Word order of content questions |
SOV & SVO & VSO & VOS & OVS |
SVO |
SOV |
| Word order of dependent polar questions |
OblPq=Pq |
OblPq=Pq |
OblPq=Pq |
| Word order of dependent content questions |
OblCq=Cq |
OblCq=Cq |
OblCq=Cq |
